In addition, they have been influenced by contact with English. The word formation patterns of Germanic languages have been strongly influenced by contact with Greek Latin, and French. For the construction of numerals above 20, syntactic coordination may be used. Other mechanisms of word formation are affix substitution, conversion, reduplication, prosodic morphology, abbreviation, and blending. Many non-native affixes, identified on the basis of sets of borrowed non-native complex words, are being used in word formation as well. Some of these affixes behave phonologically similar to compound constituents. Affixation is used to derive words of major categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Some compound constituents have developed into affixoids. Compounding also takes place with roots of Greek and Latin origin that do not occur as words by themselves. In addition to endocentric compounds there are also copulative compounds. Compounds are usually right-headed, and there is often a linking element in NN-compounds that derives historically from a case ending. Word formation in Germanic languages takes mainly place by means of compounding and affixation.
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